|
The Scuola Grande di San Giovanni Evangelista is a confraternity building located in the San Polo ''sestiere'' of the Italian city of Venice. Founded in the 13th century by a group of flagellants it was later to become one of the five ''Scuole Grandi'' of Venice. These organisations provided a variety of charitable functions in the city as well as becoming patrons of the arts. The Scuola Grande di San Giovanni Evangelista is notable for housing a relic of the true cross and for the series of paintings it commissioned from a number of famous Venetian artists depicting ''Miracles of the Holy Cross''. No longer in the school, these came into public ownership during the Napoleonic era and are now housed in the Gallerie dell'Accademia. The scuola is open to visitors on a limited number of days, detailed on the official website.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Visits to the Scuola )〕 ==History== Originally founded in 1261, San Giovanni Evangelista is the second oldest ''scuola'' in Venice.〔McGregor, ''Venice from the Ground Up'', p. 156〕 Though ''scuola'' developed a primary meaning of "school", in Venice these organisations retain their medieval Latin meaning of confraternities, social organisations founded on spiritual principles.〔McGregor, ''Venice from the Ground Up'', p. 143〕 Their main buildings were typically used as meeting and assembly halls, and for the distribution of charity. The founders of San Giovanni were a confraternity of flagellants who took part in religious ceremonies, whipping their backs and spraying blood onto the pavements as they processed through the city.〔Honour, ''The Companion Guide to Venice'', p. 62〕 This practice was outlawed in the city of Venice in the same year the ''scuola'' was founded.〔 In 1369 Philip de Mezières (also known as Filippo Maser), the Chancellor of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Kingdom of Cyprus, gave to the school a piece of the true cross which it still owns to this day. The presence of this relic brought about a transformation and helped the scuola become a rich and powerful organisation, bringing in wealthy and powerful members to the confraternity, with their donations and bequests.〔McGregor, ''Venice from the Ground Up'', p. 157〕 A reliquary was constructed to house the relic and this was soon after connected with a miracle that reportedly took place in Venice during the period 1370-82. According to contemporary accounts, when accidentally dropped into a canal during a congested procession the relic did not sink but hovered over the water, evading those trying to save it. This continued until Andrea Vendramin (grandfather of the only Vendramin doge, also named Andrea) dived in and retrieved it.〔(JSTOR ) ''The Miraculous Cross in Titian's "Vendramin Family"'', Philip Pouncey, ''Journal of the Warburg Institute'', Vol. 2, No. 3 (Jan., 1939), pp. 191-193〕 This was the same Andrea who, as head of the scuola, had been presented with the relic in 1369.〔Gould, ''The Sixteenth Century Italian Schools'', p. 285〕 This miracle was later depicted by Vittorio Carpaccio, Gentile Bellini and other artists in a series of paintings commissioned for the scuola. Nearly 200 years later the reliquary was the focal point of the Vendramin family portrait by Titian, now in the National Gallery, London, showing the prestige the events had given to the family. During the Renaissance period the scuola was made into a Scuola Grande under the control of Venice's Council of Ten. In 1485 the architect Pietro Lombardo completed the school's most distinctive architectural feature, the outdoor atrium and gateway which separate the complex from the ''campo'' to which it adjoins. Shortly after, in 1498, the architect Mauro Codussi completed work on a double staircase linking the upper and lower halls. It is illuminated by a mullioned window on the landing between the two flights of stairs, an element common to much of Codussi's work.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=In Venice Today )〕 The final major architectural changes were made during the 18th century.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Building Complex )〕 Following the fall of the Venetian Republic in 1797 the schools were suppressed by a Napoleonic edict. However, during the 19th century San Giovanni Evangelista was one of the ones re-constituted.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Scuola Grande di San Giovannia Evangelista )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Scuola Grande di San Giovanni Evangelista」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|